Youm al-Ashura refers to the 10th day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar. It is a day of deep historical and spiritual importance in Islam, observed with fasting, reflection, and remembrance.
The term "Ashura" originates from the Arabic word "Asharah" (عَشَرَة), meaning "ten", highlighting its observance on the tenth day of Muharram.
Religious Significance of Fasting on Ashura
The fasting of Ashura is rooted in the tradition of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. When he arrived in Madinah, he found that the Jewish community observed fasting on this day to commemorate the day Allah saved Prophet Musa (Moses) and the Children of Israel from Pharaoh’s tyranny by parting the Red Sea.
Upon hearing this,
He then fasted on this day and encouraged others to do the same.the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ declared: We have a greater connection to Musa than they do-(Sahih al-Bukhari)
The Reward for Fasting on Ashura
The Prophet ﷺ described the reward for fasting on Ashura with the following words:
This means that fasting on this one day is a cause of forgiveness for minor sins committed in the previous lunar year, according to many scholars.Fasting on the Day of Ashura erases the sins committed in the past year.-(Sahih Muslim)
Completing the Fast with the 9th or 11th of Muharram
To distinguish the Islamic practice from that of the Jews, the Prophet ﷺ advised fasting on the 9th of Muharram along with the 10th. If a person is unable to fast on the 9th of Muharram, they can observe the fast on the 11th along with the 10th.
Recommended combinations:
(a) 9th and 10th of Muharram
(b) 10th and 11th of Muharram
Some scholars even consider fasting all three days (9th, 10th, 11th) as a noble practice.
The Martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA) – Another Layer of Significance
While the practice of fasting is rooted in earlier prophetic tradition, Ashura is also a day of sorrow and remembrance for many Muslims, especially Shia Muslims. On this day in 680 CE, Imam Hussain ibn Ali (RA), the cherished grandson of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, was martyred in the tragic Battle of Karbala.
He courageously stood against oppression and injustice, refusing to pledge allegiance to the corrupt ruler Yazid. His martyrdom became an enduring symbol of upholding truth, even in the face of death.
Shia communities mark Ashura with:
[1] Public mourning
[2] Recitations of elegies (marsiya)
[3] Sermons recounting the events of Karbala
[4] Acts of charity in the name of Imam Hussain
Sunni Muslims also honor the memory of Imam Hussain and reflect on his sacrifice, though without formal rituals.
Spiritual and Moral Lessons from Ashura
Ashura is a powerful day of both celebration and reflection. It brings many spiritual lessons:
Reflection Meaning
(a) Trust in Allah As shown by Prophet Musa when he faced Pharaoh.
(b) Gratitude Fasting to thank Allah for His mercy and victories.
(c) Repentance A chance for sins to be forgiven through sincere fasting.
(d) Justice and Courage, Following the fearless example of Imam Hussain in standing firm for the truth.
(e) Unity in diversity Acknowledging both Sunni and Shia traditions with respect.
What Should Muslims Do on Youm al-Ashura?
On Youm al-Ashura, Muslims are encouraged to engage in various acts of worship and reflection. Fasting on this day is highly recommended (Sunnah), ideally alongside the 9th or 11th of Muharram. It is also a time for sincere repentance and making heartfelt du’a, seeking Allah’s forgiveness and blessings. Acts of charity and kindness are encouraged, such as helping those in need and giving for the sake of Allah. Additionally, learning about the events of Karbala and the noble stand of Imam Hussain (RA) is beneficial, as it reinforces the values of sacrifice, truth, and justice. Importantly, Muslims should avoid religious innovations and adhere to authentic practices taught and approved by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Summary
[1] Youm al-Ashura falls on the 10th of Muharram.
[2] Observing a fast on this day is a Sunnah, and it serves as a means of erasing the sins committed in the past year.
[3] It commemorates Allah’s help to Prophet Musa (AS) and his people.
[4] It also commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA), who stands as a timeless symbol of truth and resistance.
[5] Muslims should observe it with fasting, reflection, repentance, and acts of charity.